Dr. Ahmad Redaa
2024-08-28
Definition
Geology is the scientific study of the Earth, its materials, and the
processes acting upon them.
Earth’s Relationship to the Universe
Understanding Earth’s formation, its position in the solar system, and
its interactions with cosmic forces.
Earth’s History
Examining changes over the past 4.5 billion years, including the
formation of continents, oceans, and life.
Geological Processes
Investigating internal processes (e.g., plate tectonics, volcanic
activity) and external processes (e.g., erosion, weathering) that shape
the Earth’s surface.
Earth Over Time, Source: NASA
| Branch | Area of Study | Related Science |
|---|---|---|
| Physical Geology | ||
| Endogenous Geology | Geotectonics (Earth’s crust, condition, and deformation) | Physics |
| Metamorphism (Transformation of existing rocks) | ||
| Magmatism (Interior of Earth) | ||
| Volcanism (Volcanoes) | ||
| Seismology (Earthquakes) | Physics | |
| Exogenous Geology | ||
| Weathering and Mass Wasting (Alteration of sediments) | Chemistry | |
| Oceanography (Oceans and seas) | ||
| Marine Geology (Ocean margin and floor) | Biology | |
| Hydrogeology (Water resources) | ||
| Glaciology (Glaciers) | ||
| Limnology (Bogs and lakes) | ||
| Geomorphology (Landforms) | ||
| Structural Geology (Rock deformation) | Physics | |
| Sedimentology (Sediment deposition) | ||
| Mineralogy (Minerals) | ||
| Economic Geology | ||
| Minerals and energy resources | Chemistry | |
| Petroleum Geology (Hydrocarbons) | ||
| Coal Geology (Coal) | ||
| Geochemistry | Chemistry | |
| Chemistry of Earth | ||
| Isotope Geology (Radioactive elements) | ||
| Historical Geology | ||
| Earth’s evolutionary history | ||
| Geochronology (Time and history of Earth) | Astronomy | |
| Stratigraphy (Layered sediments and correlation) | ||
| Paleontology (Fossils) | Biology | |
| Micropaleontology (Microorganisms) | ||
| Paleoecology (Ancient ecology and environment) | Biology | |
| Paleoclimatology (Ancient climate) | ||
| Paleography (Ancient geographic features and locations) | ||
| Paleomagnetism (Earth’s magnetic field) | Physics | |
| Applied Geology | ||
| Environmental Geology (Environment) | Chemistry, Biology | |
| Engineering Geology (Geological hazards, bridges, dams, etc.) | Engineering | |
| Hydrogeology (Water resources) | ||
| Geophysics (Earth’s interior) | Physics |
The Origin of the Earth and the Solar System